American Political Parties | Democrats vs Republicans | Presidents' Detailed List

American Politics

There is nothing that has a greater impact on our lives, or the lives of our children, grandchildren, families, and relatives than who we choose to be the leaders of our country. Most United States Citizens cannot tell you the difference between the two major political parties: Republicans and Democrats.

The other major political parties in America are Libertarian Party, Green Party etc. Political Party affiliation is a quick way to find out the basic ideas and philosophy for each candidate, both Republicans and Democrats. Political affiliation can be used to understand the core beliefs of each candidate and there are significant differences between them.

This is because we hear people say there is no significant difference between the parties. Their cynicism shows in statements such as Democrats and Republicans are : - both corrupt - both are only interested in power - both pander to their constituencies - both make promises they don’t keep.

In addition, we sometimes also hear people say there is no need to learn about what the political parties stand for because in my family we have always been Democrats or we have always been Republicans. Furthermore, we sometimes also hear people say that the Democrats support the poor people and that the Republicans support the rich people.

Federalists : Political Parties of 18th century

Since late 18th century, there were only two political parties in America viz. Federalists and Republicans. The Federalist Party was the first American political party, from the early 1790s to 1816. The party was formed by Alexander Hamilton, who, during George Washington's first term, built a network of supporters, largely urban bankers and businessmen, to support his fiscal policies. Federalists favoured strong central government but loose interpretation of the Constitution. They encouraged commerce and manufacturing. The party was very strong in Northeast. They were in favour of close ties with Britain. They also emphasized the order and stability.

In contrast, Republicans at that time emphasized on states' rights ans strict interpretation of the Constitution. They gave preference to agriculture and rural life. Its strength was in South and West. Foreign policy was sympathized with France and stressed the civil liberties and trust in the people.

List of Political Parties with their Theories :

History of Democrats and Republicans

The Democratic-Republican Party was originally founded by Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison, in 1792 to participate in elections against Federalist Party. Till 1831-32, they remained as Democratic-Republican Party but thereafter the Democrat Party came into existence causing a split in the Democratic-Republican Party, by a group known as the Jackson Democrats, named after Andrew Jackson. Shortly after that, the Democratic Party became the pro-slavery party. The Republican Party got its start back in 1854 with anti-slavery members breaking from Democratic Party (the largest party at the time) to form the Republican Party.

After the Civil war, during the time of Reconstruction, Democrats in the South not only intimidated both blacks and Republicans alike, they lynched them both. The void created by driving many Republicans out of the political arena, allowed Democrats to pass laws that restricted voting, and instituted the segregation of blacks, known as Jim Crow Laws in the South. Over theyears, both parties have changed to where today, they no longer reflect the ideals of their earlier roots.

Theory of Republicans

1. Republicans are generally considered conservative or traditionalists in their philosophy. 
2. Republicans believe that each person is responsible for his or her own place in society. Government should enable each person the ability to secure the benefits of society for themselves, their families and for those who are unable to care for themselves. 
3. The Republican philosophy is based on limiting the intervention of government as a catalyst of individual prosperity. Government should only intervene in specific cases where society cannot effectively act at the individual level. With the core belief that individual destiny should be in the individual’s hands, governmental power and resources should be kept close to the people, through their state and community leaders, and not centralized in distant federal government agencies. 
4. They believe that the country was founded by God on enduring principles that have created the opportunity for prosperity and an abundant life for its citizens. 
5. They believe that the United States has been a force for good in the world. They believe in smaller government, less federal control, and less government regulation. 
6. They believe that government closest to the people governs best. They believe in equal justice, individual rights, and responsibilities. 
7. They believe in providing educational opportunities to our children. They are committed to traditional morality–respect for life, strong families, and personal responsibility. They support religious symbols in public.

Democrats Theory

1. Democrats believe it is the responsibility of government to care for all individuals, even if it means giving up some individual rights and/or subordinating enterprise and initiative. 
2. Democrats are considered liberal or secular progressives. 
3. They believe in large government in which the majority of power is centralized in Washington, with only secondary consideration for the rights of both individuals and communities. 
4. Democrats have favored federal-level interventions that replace community-based solutions to community problems. These tactics have created several federal regulations and controls that are often in the hands of unelected bureaucrats, causing a severe erosion of local authority. 
5. They believe that a more socialist government is better. 
6. They believe in moral relativism and condemn religious symbols in public.

Detailed List of Presidents of America

 

President Name	Joined Office	Left Office	Party
George Washington	April 30, 1789	March 4, 1797	Independent
John Adams	March 4, 1797	March 4, 1801	Federalist
Thomas Jefferson	March 4, 1801	March 4, 1809	Democratic-Republican
James Madison	March 4, 1809	March 4, 1817	Democratic-Republican
James Monroe	March 4, 1817	March 4, 1825	Democratic-Republican
John Quincy Adams	March 4, 1825	March 4, 1829	Democratic-Republican
Andrew Jackson	March 4, 1829	March 4, 1837	Democratic
Martin Van Buren	March 4, 1837	March 4, 1841	Democratic
William Henry Harrison	March 4, 1841	April 4, 1841	Whig
John Tyler	April 4, 1841	March 4, 1845	Whig
James K. Polk	March 4, 1845	March 4, 1849	Democratic
Zachary Taylor	March 4, 1849	July 9, 1850	Whig
Millard Fillmore	July 9, 1850	March 4, 1853	Whig
Franklin Pierce	March 4, 1853	March 4, 1857	Democratic
James Buchanan	March 4, 1857	March 4, 1861	Democratic
Abraham Lincoln	March 4, 1861	April 15, 1865	Republican
Andrew Johnson	April 15, 1865	March 4, 1869	Democratic
Ulysses S. Grant	March 4, 1869	March 4, 1877	Republican
Rutherford B. Hayes	March 4, 1877	March 4, 1881	Republican
James A. Garfield	March 4, 1881	September 19, 1881	Republican
Chester A. Arthur	September 19, 1881	March 4, 1885	Republican
Grover Cleveland	March 4, 1885	March 4, 1889	Democratic
Benjamin Harrison	March 4, 1889	March 4, 1893	Republican
Grover Cleveland	March 4, 1893	March 4, 1897	Democratic
William McKinley	March 4, 1897	September 14, 1901	Republican
Theodore Roosevelt	September 14, 1901	March 4, 1909	Republican
William Howard Taft	March 4, 1909	March 4, 1913	Republican
Woodrow Wilson	March 4, 1913	March 4, 1921	Democratic
Warren G. Harding	March 4, 1921	August 2, 1923	Republican
Calvin Coolidge	August 2, 1923	March 4, 1929	Republican
Herbert Hoover	March 4, 1929	March 4, 1933	Republican
Franklin D. Roosevelt	March 4, 1933	April 12, 1945	Democratic
Harry S. Truman	April 12, 1945	January 20, 1953	Democratic
Dwight D. Eisenhower	January 20, 1953	January 20, 1961	Republican
John F. Kennedy	January 20, 1961	November 22, 1963	Democratic
Lyndon B. Johnson	November 22, 1963	January 20, 1969	Democratic
Richard Nixon	January 20, 1969	August 9, 1974	Republican
Gerald Ford	August 9, 1974	January 20, 1977	Republican
Jimmy Carter	January 20, 1977	January 20, 1981	Democratic
Ronald Reagan	January 20, 1981	January 20, 1989	Republican
George H. W. Bush	January 20, 1989	January 20, 1993	Republican
Bill Clinton	January 20, 1993	January 20, 2001	Democratic
George W. Bush	January 20, 2001	January 20, 2009	Republican
Barack Obama	January 20, 2009	Incumbent	Democratic

Detailed List of American Presidents :

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Magsaysay Award – The Nobel Prize of Asia | Indian Winners | PDF Download

Introduction to Magsaysay Award

The Magsaysay Award, sometimes also known as Nobel Prize of Asia, was introduced in 1957, in the memory of the Philippines President Late Ramon Magsaysay, who died on March 17, 1957. The president died in a plane crash, is remembered by his countrymen for his great leadership. The President is loved by the people for his courage, simplicity, justice.

The prize was introduced by his admirers from America, the Rockefeller Brothers, in April 1957 under the Rockefeller Brothers Fund based in New York City with the contemporary Philippine government. It is awarded to honor the spirit of greatness in various fields viz. Government Service, Public Service, Community Leadership, Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts, Peace and International Understanding and Emergent Leadership etc to people of Asia.

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay was born on August 31, 1907. He was the seventh President of the Republic of the Philippines, elected on December 30, 1953. He was a die-hard anti-Communist. He was an automobile mechanic by profession. He was nominated for the post of President by his party Nacionalista Party. He was married to Luz Magsaysay in 1932 and fathered three children.
 



Ramon Magsaysay’s Life History

1. 1907 – In Iba, Zambales, Philippines to Exequiel Magsaysay and Perfecta del Fierro. 
2. 1927 – Entered in the University of the Philippines for Pre-engineering course  
3. 1941 – Joined the motor pool of the 31st Infantry Division of the Philippine Army.  
4. 1946 – Elected under the Liberal Party to the Philippine House of Representatives  
5. 1953 – Resigned his post as Defense Secretary and became the Presidential Candidate of the Nacionalista Party  
6. 1953 – 1n December, elected as the seventh president of the country

 

Indians Winners of Magsaysay Award

Names	Year	Field (s)
Chintaman Deshmukh	1958	Community Leadership
Chintaman Deshmukh	1959	Government Services
Amitabha Chowdhury	1961	Journalism, Literature & Creative Comm. Arts
Mother Teresa	1962	Peace and International Understanding
Dara Khurody	1963	Community Leadership
Verghese Kurien	1963	Community Leadership
Tribhuvandas Patel	1963	Community Leadership
Welthy Fisher	1964	Peace and International Understanding
Jayaprakash Narayan	1965	Public Service
K.D. Chattopadhyay	1966	Community Leadership
Satyajit Ray	1967	Journalism, Literature & Creative Comm.
M.S. Swaminathan	1971	Community Leadership
M.S.Subbulakshmi	1974	Public Service
Boobli G Verghese	1975	Journalism, Literature & Creative Comm. Arts
H. Holck-Larsen	1976	Peace and International Understanding
Sombhu Mitra	1976	Journalism, Literature & Creative Comm. Arts
Ela Ramesh	1977	Community Leadership
Mabelle Arole	1979	Community Leadership
Rajanikant Arole	1979	Community Leadership
Gour Kishore Ghosh	1981	Journalism, Literature & Creative Comm. Arts
Pramod Karan Sethi	1981	Community Leadership
Chandi Prasad Bhatt	1982	Community Leadership
Manibhai Desai	1982	Public Service
Arun Shourie	1982	Journalism, Literature & Creative Comm. Arts
Rasipuram Lakshman	1984	Journalism, Literature & Creative Comm. Arts
Muralidhar Amte	1985	Public Service
Lakshmi Chand Jain	1989	Public Service
Ravi Shankar	1992	Journalism, Literature & Creative Comm. Arts
Banoo J. Coyaji	1993	Public Service
Kiran Bedi	1994	Government Services
Pandurang Athavale	1996	Community Leadership
Tirunellai Seshan	1996	Government Services
Mahasweta Devi	1997	Journalism, Literature & Creative Comm. Arts
Mahesh C. Mehta	1997	Public Service
Jockin Arputham	2000	Peace and International Understanding
Aruna Roy	2000	Community Leadership
Rajendra Singh	2001	Community Leadership
Sandeep Pandey	2002	Emergent Leadership
James M. Lyngdoh	2003	Government Services
Shantha Sinha	2003	Community Leadership
Laxmi N. Ramdas	2004	Peace and International Understanding
V Shantha	2005	Public Service
Arvind Kejriwal	2006	Emergent Leadership
Palagummi Sainath	2007	Journalism, Literature & Creative Comm. Arts
Deep Joshi	2009	-
Neelima Mishra	2011	Emergent Leadership
Harish Hande	2011	-
Kulandei Francis	2012	-

Download Full History of Magsaysay Award : 
Download Full List of Magsaysay Award Winners in Asia : 
Citation for the 2012 Ramon Magsaysay Award : 

Nobel Prize Winners from India

1. Rabindranath Tagore - India’s popular poet and writer was awarded Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913 for his “Geetanjali” a collection of his poems.

2. Chandra Shekar Venkata Raman [Sir C.V.Raman] - Indian Scientist was awarded Nobel Prize of Physics in 1930 for his “Raman Effect” related to light.

3. Dr. Hargobind Khorana - India’s Doctorate in Chemistry was awarded Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1968 for his study of the Human Genetic Code and its role in Protein Synthesis.

4. Mother Teresa - a Yogoslavian nun who became an Indian citizen was awarded Nobel Prize for Peace in 1979 for her service through her Charitable Mission “Nirmal Hriday” at Calcutta to people suffering from Leprosy and to those people dying in destitute.

5. Dr.Subramanian Chandrashekar - an Indian Astro-Physicist was awarded Nobel Prize for Physics in 1983 for his theory on white dwarf stars’ limitation known as ‘Chandrasekhar Limit’.

6. Dr.Amatya Sen - an Indian Professor in Economics was awarded Nobel Prize for Economics in 1998 for his work in Economic Theory related to Poverty, Democracy, Development and Social Welfare.

7. Rajendra K. Pachauri - as chairperson of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Peace, 2007, He shared the award with Al Gore, Vice President of USA

8. Venkataraman Ramakrishnan - in 2009, an Indo-American has shared Nobel Prize for Chemistry along with a co-American Thomas Steitz and Ada Yonath of Israel for mapping ribosomes, the protein procucing factories within cells at the atomic level.

• The following Nobel Prize Winners are persons of Indian Origin/Citizens of other countries or the Nobel Prize has been given for the works related to India :

1. Rudyard Kipling - a British Poet has been awarded Nobel Prize for Literature (1907) for his works in Literature such as Poems and Short Stories related to India and Burma/ Myanmar.

2. Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul - a British Writer of Indian Origin was awarded Nobel Prize for Literature in 2001.

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China – Japan Conflicts | History of East China Sea : Senkaku-Diaoyu | eBooks Downloads

Few days back, China and Japan were again in news due to their decades old conflict over East China Sea. The Tensions aroused again since China announced a new airspace defense zone including the skies over the long-disputed Senkaku-Diaoyu islands on Saturday, November 30, 2013. According to new announcements planes flying in the area would have to notify Chinese authorities. Japan and its ally the United States have sharply criticized the move.Initially Japan agreed to obey the new guidelines by China but afterwards when USA sent two unarmed B-52 bomber planes over the islands without informing China, Japan also followed their footsteps. Now two of Japan’s airlines JAL and ANA Holdings also refused to submit flight plans to Chinese aviation authorities. China issued warning of “emergency defensive measures” against planes that fail to comply with the rules.

This Sino-Japanese tension is over the eight uninhabited islands, which are situated in waters rich with oil, natural gas and fish. The tension build up after the Japan purchased three of the islands in the group from a private Japanese owner. These islands are known as SENKAKU in Japan and DIAOYU in China.

 

Geography of the Senkaku or Diaoyu Islands

 

The East China Sea is bounded on the east by Kyushu and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, on the south by the island of Taiwan, and on the west by mainland China and the Asian continent. It is connected with the South China Sea by the Taiwan Strait and with the Sea of Japan by the Korea Strait; it opens in the north to the Yellow Sea.

The disputed islands between China and Japan

The trouble in Sino-Japanese relations has been the territorial dispute over a group of tiny islands in the East China Sea called Senkaku by Japan and Diaoyu by China. They are located 200 kms northeast of Taiwan, 300 kilometers west of the Japanese island of Okinawa, and 300 kilometers west of the Chinese mainland. These islands are controlled by Japan and claimed by China (and by Taiwan). The islands themselves are small, uninhabitable and of little economic value, but the waters around them are rich fishing grounds and are thought to hold important oil deposits.

 

History of Senkaku-Diaoyu Islands Disputes

Japanese Point of View

1. The Senkaku – which it formally annexed in 1895 – were terra nullius before that and were not part of the territories that China had to cede to Japan after its military defeat in the 1894-95 Sino-Japanese War.

2. In 1951, acc. to San Francisco Peace Treaty [SFPT], which did not list Senkaku among the territories that Japan should return to China. The fact that the United States transferred control of the
islands to Tokyo in 1971 at the same time as it reverted control of Okinawa

3. China asserted its claim to the islands only after a 1968 survey which indicated the possible presence of oilfields in waters nearby.

Chinese Point of View

1. Chinese fishermen have fished around the Senkaku-Diaoyu since ancient times, and that the islands had always been Chinese territory [as per writings and maps dating back to the Ming dynasty] before Japan secretly seized them in 1895.

2. This appropriation was then made official in the unequal treaty of Shimonoseki signed after the Sino-Japanese War. China’s right to a return of all territories lost to imperial Japan was clearly stated in post-WWII documents like the Potsdam Declaration and the Cairo Declaration.

3. As for the SFPT, Japan shouldn’t invoke it since China did not participate in the negotiations. China further argues that the US arbitrarily and illegally included the islands under its trusteeship, again violating Chinese sovereign rights, and therefore had no right to then transfer them back to Japan in 1971.

Although China first claimed the Senkaku-Diaoyu Islands in 1971, it never did much to pursue its claim until recently. In 1972, China and Japan normalized their diplomatic relations, then the Senkaku-Diaoyu dispute came up, but was quickly put to the side so that the two countries could focus on rebuilding their relationship after years of isolation at the beginning of the Cold War. The interests of improving economic and political ties, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai and Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka agreed in 1972 to shelve the issue indefinitely. Since the normalisation of relations in 1972, the tensions reached its peak when in 1996, Japanese built a lighthouse and raised their flag on alleged Chinese territory, an island called Diaoyu Tai. A wave of protests swept across Hong Kong, Taiwan, and China. After that number of times, two countries came face-to-face. 

• The construction of a lighthouse on one of the Senkaku-Diaoyu islands by Japanese nationalist organization in 1996.  
• The successful landing of Chinese activists there in 2004.  
• The 2010 fishing boat incident that was a prelude to the 2012 confrontation.

 

 

Here are details of the above mentioned incidents that took place from time-to-time that leads to worsening of the Sino-Japanese relations :

In September 1996, a group of protesters and journalists sailed from Hong Kong vowing to place a Chinese flag on the islands and tear down the lighthouse. Their ship was blocked by Japanese vessels about five kms from the main island. Among the few who jumped into the water intending to carry out their mission, a Hong Kong politician drowned. To this day the incident remains vivid in the memories of many.

Another confrontation would have erupted in 2004 when Chinese activists landed on one of the islands but got suppressed after intervention of Japanese Prime Minister Koizumi Junichiro. The year 2005 marks the worst year for Sino-Japanese relations. In April 2005, anti-Japanese protests were staged in at least ten cities across China. It is in this political climate that China rebuked Japan’s announcement to allocate rights for test-drilling of a natural gas field in a disputed area of the East China Sea.

The Diaoyu Tai Islands are located in this disputed area. They consist of five islets and three rocks of seemingly insignificant economic value. However, recent studies suggest that the surrounding seabed might be rich with oil deposits. It became apparent that the acquisition of territorial sovereignty over these islets might legitimize a claim to the adjacent territorial sea including the valuable mineral rights.

After both events, nothing was done to prevent future confrontations, which allowed the conflict to fester and enter a downward spiral. In 2012, the Japanese government nationalized three of the islands that were held by private citizens. China responded forcefully to this move, triggering the most severe confrontation between the two countries since diplomatic normalization.


 International CRISIS Group
 International Affairs, University of Geneva
 The NewZealand PostGraduate Law e-Journal

 
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Story of Milkha Singh | Bhaag Milkha Bhaag | Facts & Racing Video

Sardar Milkha Singh, well-known Sporting personality of India. He represented Indian Athletics team in 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games. Recently Director Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra made a movie on his life history depicting his struggle as a sportsperson. Bhaag Milkha Bhaag starring Farhan Akhtar is said to be a true story of the "Flying Sikh" - world champion runner and Olympian Milkha Singh. He who overcame the massacre of his family, civil war during the India-Pakistan partition, and homelessness to become one of India's most iconic athletes. 

The name Flying Sikh is given by Pakistani President General Ayub Khan in 1960 during his heroic win over Abdul Khaliq in Pakistan. Abdul Khaliq was famous athlete of Pakistan at that time. After the success of British Empire and Commonwealth Games in 1958, he became the first gold medalist at the Commonwealth Games from independent India. Since then no other Indian male athlete have won an individual athletics gold medal in Commonwealth Games. At that time Indian PM Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to set aside the memories of the Partition of India. So, he proposed to have race between these famous athletes from two nations. After the successful race Pakistani President become fan of Milkha, said "It don't seem that you run a race, actually you were flying" This way he got his nickname "Flying Sikh". 

 

Early Life

1. October 17,1935 born in Layalpur (Punjab) then known as Faislabad. He lost his parents in partition of India when he was 12. He reached India somehow, after running from there. 
2. He tend to go to his school by foot, 10 KM from his village in Kot Addu Tehsil 
3. He wanted to join Indian Army but got rejected three times 
4. He joined EMI centre in Sikandrabad in 1951. Here, he came to know about his talent in racing. He tend to compete with trains passing nearby tracks. He usually practiced till late nigts 
5. He married, Nirmal Kaur, a former captain of the Indian women's vollyball team.  
6. Jeev Milkha Singh, India's best golfer is Milkha Singh’s son born on December 15, 1971.

Athletics Career 

• 1958 - In Asian Games, he secured Gold Medal for India in 200m and 400m competitions. He registered his name in the assembly of world class athletes there.   
• 1958 - Same year, he won Gold Medal in Cardiff Commonwealth Games, thus becoming the first Gold Medalist for Independent India.

1958 - 440y - The British Empire Games Cardiff

• 1958 - Awarded with PadamShree Award by Indian Government. 
• 1960 - In Rome Olympics, he lost Bronze Medal to Malcolm Spence of South Africa by just 0.1 second to in 400m final race, after getting 2nd position in 1st, 2nd and semi-final heats each.

 

Milkha Singh in 400m 1960 Olympic (Rome) Final

Watch the Video of that close finish between Ottis Davis(USA) and Karl Kaufmann (Germany). Click the Link below to watch the video

Both Ottis Davis and Karl Kaufman clocked 44.8 seconds, 2nd runner-up Malcolm Spence of South Africa covered the race in 45.5 seconds. Milkha, who was initially leading the race, finished just 0.1 seconds later by Spence, clocking 45.6 seconds. 

• 1960 - Went to Pakistan and won both hearts and race against Abdul Khaliq. After that got his nickname "Flying Sikh".

Fact File

1. Milkha Singh rejected Lifetime Arjun Award. 
2. Milkha Singh ran 80 races and won 77 of those 80 races. 
3. Milkha Singh donated all his medals to the National Sports Museum. 
4. He participated in 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. 
5. He won famous Helms Trophy in USA. 
6. He served as a Director of Sports in Punjab after his retirement. 
7. He told that he never watched movie since after 1968 but this movie bring tear in his eyes. 
8. The autobiography of Milkha Singh is named as "The Race Of My Life" which is due for release in market later this year in August(2013).

 

Pan Singh Tomar Vs Milkha Singh

Pan Singh Tomar, a biopic film directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia was actually a junior athlete of S. Milkha Singh. In long race, Milkha Singh once beat Pan Singh Tomar. Recently a Milkha Singh's biopic was directed by Rakesh OmParkash Mehra and lead role is played by Farhan Akhtar. Milkha Singh sold his biography to director of movies in just Re.1 but also taken a promise by moviemakers that 10% of the profit will go to the Milkha Singh Charitable Trust.
 
According to cinema trends, Movie grabbed a hot response from viewers all over the World. On the request of Director, movie is now tax-free in Maharashtra, so that it can reach easily to masses of India, paying minimum amount for tickets.

Movie Grossing :
(Movie released on Thursday, July 11, 2013) Thu 1.05 crore Fri 8.5 crore Sat 11 crore Sun 12.8 crore Mon 5.7 crore Tue 5.32 crore Wed 4.82 crore Thu 4.55 crore Total: 53.74 crore (Week 1) Fri 4 crore Sat 5.80 crore Sun *est* 6.75 crore Hit. Taking Grand total to: Rs 70.29 crore (Till now)

Hope you like our post. For any type of help on any topic post comments, we will try our best to bring the information as soon as possible. :)

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[History] Life of Napoleon Bonaparte | Quotes by Napoleon | Download Life Facts in PDF

Who was Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution and its associated wars in Europe. Napoleon Bonaparte rose from obscurity to becomeNapoleon I, Emperor of France and became one of the greatest Military Commanders in history. Napoleon’s crushed one enemy after another until he seemed invincible. For 20 years, many European nations fought against him. He conquered much of Europe. He is both a historical figure and a legend.Early life.Napoleon Bonaparte was born on 15 August 1769 in Corsica into a gentry’s family. He completed his education in military school, so rapidly promoted and in 1796 was made Commander of French Army in Italy, where he forced Austria and its allies to make peace. In 1798, he conquered Ottoman-ruled Egypt in an attempt to strike at British trade routers with India. He was stranded when the British at the Battle of the Nile destroyed his fleet.

Napoleon I, was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815. His legal reform, the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence on many civil law jurisdictions worldwide, but he is best remembered for his role in the wars led against France by a series of coalitions, the so-called Napoleonic Wars. He established hegemony over most of continental Europe and sought to spread the ideals of the French Revolution, while consolidating an imperial monarchy which restored aspects of the deposed Ancien Régime (old system). Due to his success in these wars, often against numerically superior enemies, he is generally regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time, and his campaigns are studied at military academies worldwide.
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Napoleon I, was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815. His legal reform, the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence on many civil law jurisdictions worldwide, but he is best remembered for his role in the wars led against France by a series of coalitions, the so-called Napoleonic Wars. He established hegemony over most of continental Europe and sought to spread the ideals of the French Revolution, while consolidating an imperial monarchy which restored aspects of the deposed Ancien Régime (old system). Due to his success in these wars, often against numerically superior enemies, he is generally regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time, and his campaigns are studied at military academies worldwide.
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Some Milestones from History

1. 1793 – Important role played in the French defeat of the British at Toulon, for which he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General.

2. 1799 – Overthrew the French Government and became first consul of the provisional government.

3. 1804 – Established France as an Empire with himself as the Emperor.

4. 1805 – Led French troops to victory over the Austrian and Russian armies in Austerlitz (now in Czech Republic).

5. 1808 – Invaded Spain and proclaimed his brother Joseph, the king, touching off the six year long Peninsular war.

6. 1812 – Invaded Russia, but was forced to retreat after losing more than four-fifths of his army.

7. 1814 – Was forced to abdicate unconditionally after a coalition of European countries captured Paris, was exiled to the island of the Elba.

8. 1815 – Returned to Paris after escaping from Elba and again declared himself the emperor.

9. 1815 – Was defeated during the final battle at Waterloo.

10. 1815 – Abdicated second time and was exiled to the island of Saint Helena.

Excerpt taken from Larger Than Life by Sushil Handa.

Famous 100+ Quotes by Napoleon Bonaparte : 

Some Interesting Facts from His life

1. Napoleon killed over a thousand people with a cough. In 1799 he was deciding whether to release 1,200 Turkish prisoners of war when he coughed and said, “Ma sacre tough!” (my darned cough) which sounded to officers like “Massacrez tour!” (Kill them all!). So they did.

2. He was granted sovereignty over the island of Elba during his first exile

3. He repeatedly defeated military forces superior in size to his own.

4. He maintained many of the Egalitarian principles of the French revolution including equality before the law and freedom of religion.

5. He created French Satellite of kingdoms in Holland, Italy, Germany, Spain etc and placed his brothers and other relatives on their thrones.

6. In 1812 , he assembled largest army yet seen in Europe.

7. In a tradition called for the Pope to crown to the Emperor, he took the crown from Pop Pius VII’s hands and placed it on his own head.

Download Full Life History : 

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What is IPL | History and Facts | Schedule 2013

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IPL 2013

Having a star-studded opening ceremony on Tuesday, 2/4/2013 the ‘City of Joy’ Kolkata, opened its heart to the cricket world. The dazzling Bollywood-style opening ceremony kicked off the 6th edition of the IPL, with American rapper Pitbull and superstar Shah Rukh Khan stealing the limelight.

The city let its hair down with SRK, Katrina Kaif and Deepika Padukone grooving to the desi moves, leaving the healthy turnout at the Salt Lake Stadium enthralled.

With another edition of the cricketing extravaganza on its way with IPL 6, we bring you some interesting facts and figures about the tournament.
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IPL Facts

1. A total of 96,722 runs have been scored in first 5 editions, at an average 25.61 runs/wicket. These runs have been scored at a rate of 7.89 RPO. An average of 5.87 wickets has been taken in every innings at a strike rate of 19.49 balls/wicket.

2. The average 20-over score in the IPL has been 157.71. Quite predictably, the 2009 edition that was played in South Africa had the lowest average, of 149.60. The 2010 edition was the most batsman-friendly, with an average score of 166.

3. A total of 3,086 sixes and 8,555 fours have been struck, with a 4 or 6 every 6.32 balls, and a six every 24 balls. The opening edition was the hardest on the bowlers in terms of boundaries scored, with a four or a six every 5.57 balls and a six every 21 balls.

4. In firt five editions, teams scored 4s: CSK 1075, KXIP 1048, MI 1043, DD 1013, RR 1005, RCB 1003, DC 957, KKR 902, PWI 335, KTK 170

5. Till season 5, teams with most losses: DC 46, RCB 38, KXIP 37, DD/KKR 35, RR 34, MI 33, CSK 32, PWI 21, KTK 8

6. Most sixes in IPL: Gayle 129, Raina 97, Gilchrist 86, RSharma 82, YPathan 81, Sehwag 79, Yuvraj 67, Dhoni 64, Uthappa/SMarsh/Watson 59

7. Batsmen with most fours: 257 SRT, 240 Gambhir, 225 Sehwag, 207 Kallis, 204 Dravid, 198 Gilchrist, 189 Raina, 182 Sanga, 167 RSharma, 166 Dhawan

8. Most matches won by a teams: CSK 47, Mumbai 43, Delhi/RCB 39, Rajasthan 37, KKR 36, Kings XI 35

9. Orange Cap winners: S Marsh (2008) 616 runs M Hayden (2009) 572 S Tendulkar (2010) 618 C Gayle (2011) 608 C Gayle (2012) 733

10. Purple Cap winners: Sohail Tanvir (2008) 22 wkts, RP Singh (2009) 23, P Ojha (2010) 21, Malinga (2011) 28, M.Morkel (2012) 25

11. Chennai Super Kings have scored the highest number of runs by a team in the tournament, 12,736, at an average of 30.18 runs/wicket – significantly higher than the tournament average of 25.61. Deccan Chargers have been the under-performers with the bat (among teams that have played all the seasons) with an average of 23.73 runs/wicket.

12. Mumbai Indians have been the best bowling team, taken the highest number of wickets by any team – 485 at an average of 22.94. Mumbai also have been the most economical, conceding 7.34 runs an over.

13. Deccan Chargers won their only Championship in 2009 due to their bowling. DC took 110 wickets in that year, the most by any team in a season, at an average of 21.70. The best bowling team in a season in terms of average, though, is Delhi Daredevils in 2009 – they took 106 wickets that year at an average of 20.35.

14. 2009 was the best edition for bowlers: they enjoyed the helpful conditions in South Africa, averaging 23.41 per wicket. This is significantly lower than the overall average of 25.61. The bowlers had a strike rate of 18.77 in 2009, against the tournament average strike rate of 19.49.

15. Matches between Super Kings and Royal Challengers Bangalore have been the ones to watch out for, in terms of runs and wickets. Twelve matches between the two teams have produced 3750 runs, the most runs involving any two teams, and 150 wickets, again the highest involving any pair of teams.

16. Teams batting second have won 53.87% (174 out of 323) of matches. Super Kings have the highest win percentage (65.52%, 19 wins out of 29) for teams batting second. The highest number of wins batting second, though, have been recorded by Daredevils and Royal Challengers – 26. Mumbai have the highest win percentage (56.41%, 22 wins out of 39) batting first, with Super Kings winning the most number of matches batting first – 28.

17. Gautam Gambhir has the best win-loss ratio of 1.61 among captains who have led in at least 20 matches in the IPL. He is followed by MS Dhoni (1.48) and Sachin Tendulkar (1.42). Dhoni is the captain with most IPL wins – his 46 wins have come in 78 matches.

18. Sri Lankans captaining IPL teams: M.Jayawardene (KXIP, KTK & DD, 16 mts), Sangakkara (KXIP & DC, 38 mts) & Angelo Mathews (for PWI in 2013)

19. Batsman involved in all run-outs most times are: 17 Rohit Sharma (4 self+13 partner), 14 Raina (6+8)/MJayawardene (7+7)/Venugopal (10+4)

20. Most matches played by a team: CSK 81, RCB 78, Mumbai Indians 76, Deccan/Delhi 75, Kings XI 73, Rajasthan/KKR 72.

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Holi Tips | Making Natural Colours | How to Protect Skin and Gadgets from Holi Colours

Indian Summer kicked-off with festival of Holi.start of Summer season, when the atmosphere is multi-coloured. Holi is a festival of bright colours which can affect your skin and hair as synthetic colours are made up of various harmful dyes and chemicals. Today, we will discuss about some natural Colours which can help you save money and skin. Some Precautionary tips before and after playing Holi.
Bright colours, water guns, color filled balloons and mugs of Thandai (bhangg) are inevitable when you are with friends and family on this festival.

1. Red Colour : Sandal Wood powder, dried Hibiscus flowers, bolied Peel Red Pomegranate (Anaar) or mix turmeric powder and drops of lemon juice in water.  
2. Green Colour : Mehendi (heena) with White flour. Dried leaves of spinach, coriander, mint etc.  
3. Yellow Colour : Turmeric powder with besan.  
4. Magenta Colour : Powdered beet rood and Juice of black grapes.

Remedies for Hangover Removal 

1. Lemon juice (Vitamin C) will help you to get back to your senses. 
2. Glucose reverts the intoxicating effect of alcohol.  
3. Warm showers can help you in getting back to senses.
4. Herbal tea can help in reducing alcohol effects.
5. Go to sleep and only get up when you are feeling better.

10 Tips to save skin and Hairs

1. Wear full clothes to cover the maximum parts of your body from colours. 
2. Apply oil-based moisturizer, sunscreen etc. on face, feet, and elbows before getting into the colours.
3. Apply dark-coloured nail polish on nails beforehand. 
4. Apply lip guard to protect your lips from being distorted. 
5. Apply oil to prevent hair damage ~20 minutes before playing Holi or better tie a scarf on your head. 
6. Use goggles to protect your eyes from directly thrown colour from water guns. Avoid lenses, use spectacles. 
7. Ensure you have taken a enough food to avoid dehydration or other stomach problems. Salads will be helpful. 
8. In case of any mishappening, Apply skin disinfectants and consult a skin specialist. Avoid use of chemicals to remove stains. 
9. Avoid excessive scrubbing of skin and use lukewarm water. Let the color fade away on its own.  
10. Splash water on your eyes to remove the colours. Do not rub your eyes. Don't use soap to wash your face instead go for mix of radish (mooli) juice with milk and besan or alternatively mix of besan with milk and lemon juice.

Ofcourse, you will also be clicking photographs, but what about safety of gadgets ?
 

Tips to save Gadgets and Cellphones from Colours

1. Place your mobile in mobile cover and try using it with dry hands.
2. Surely you are going to have some mad people around you, if somebody already thrown a bucket full of water onto you and your camera ? :( Just switch off the mobile, wipe it and remove the battery, sims or memory chips. 
3. Place it in open, under the sunrays to dry for atleast 1 day keeping screen downside. Don't try turning it ON before that. 
4. Now place it in a bag full of rice because it is known to absorb moisture much quicker. Keep it there for atleast 2 days.

If you follow above tips, it will surely going help you. Please don't abuse with children and women or girls. HAVE A SAFE AND HAPPY HOLI

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